1 2 3 4 8
5 1 2 3 4
4 5 1 2 3
7 4 5 1 2

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

list1 = ["abc", 34, True, 40, "male"]

thislist = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry"))  # note the double round-brackets

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry")

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")print(len(thistuple))

thistuple = ("apple",)print(type(thistuple))#NOT a tuple
thistuple = ("apple")print(type(thistuple))

thistuple = tuple(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) # note the double round-bracketsprint(thistuple)

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}print(len(thisset))

set1 = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
set2 = {1, 5, 7, 9, 3}
set3 = {True, False, False}
set4 = {"abc", 34, True, 40, "male"}

thisset = set(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) # note the double round-brackets

thisdict = {"brand": "Ford","model": "Mustang","year": 1964}

thisdict = {"brand": "Ford","model": "Mustang","year": 1964}print(thisdict["brand"])

print(len(thisdict))

thisdict = {"brand": "Ford","electric": False,"year": 1964,"colors": ["red", "white", "blue"]}

    if condition:passelif condition2:passelse:pass

i = 1while i < 6:print(i)
  i += 1

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]for x in fruits:print(x)

adj = ["red", "big", "tasty"]
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]for x in adj:for y in fruits:print(x, y)

for x in [0, 1, 2]:pass

def function_name():return

function_name()

def say_hi(name):"""<---- Multi-Line Comments and Docstrings
    This is where you put your content for help() to inform the user
    about what your function does and how to use it
    """print(f"Hello {name}!")print(say_hi("Bryan"))  # Should get the print inside the function, then None# Boolean Values# Work the same as in JS, except they are title case: True and False
a = True
b = False# Logical Operators# ! = not, || = or, && = andprint(True and True)print(True and not True)print(True or True)# Truthiness - Everything is True except...# False - None, False, '', [], (), set(), range(0)# Number Values# Integers are numbers without a floating decimal pointprint(type(3))  # type returns the type of whatever argument you pass in# Floating Point values are numbers with a floating decimal pointprint(type(3.5))# Type Casting# You can convert between ints and floats (along with other types...)print(float(3))  # If you convert a float to an int, it will truncate the decimalprint(int(4.5))print(type(str(3)))# Python does not automatically convert types like JS# print(17.0 + ' heyooo ' + 17)  # TypeError# Arithmetic Operators# ** - exponent (comparable to Math.pow(num, pow))# // - integer division# There is no ++ or -- in Python# String Values# We can use single quotes, double quotes, or f'' for string formats# We can use triple single quotes for multiline stringsprint("""This here's a story
All about how
My life got twist
Turned upside down
""")# Three double quotes can also be used, but we typically reserve these for# multi-line comments and function docstrings (refer to lines 6-9)(Nice :D)# We use len() to get the length of somethingprint(len("Bryan G"))  # 7 charactersprint(len(["hey", "ho", "hey", "hey", "ho"]))  # 5 list itemsprint(len({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9}))  # 8 set items# We can index into strings, list, etc..self.
name = "Bryan"for i in range(len(name)):print(name[i])  # B, r, y, a, n# We can index starting from the end as well, with negatives
occupation = "Full Stack Software Engineer"print(occupation[-3])  # e# We can also get ranges in the index with the [start:stop:step] syntaxprint(occupation[0:4:1])  # step and stop are optional, stop is exclusiveprint(occupation[::4])  # beginning to end, every 4th letterprint(occupation[4:14:2])  # Let's get weird with it!# NOTE: Indexing out of range will give you an IndexError# We can also get the index og things with the .index() method, similar to indexOf()print(occupation.index("Stack"))print(["Mike", "Barry", "Cole", "James", "Mark"].index("Cole"))# We can count how many times a substring/item appears in something as wellprint(occupation.count("S"))print("""Now this here's a story all about how
My life got twist turned upside down
I forget the rest but the the the potato
smells like the potato""".count("the"))# We concatenate the same as Javascript, but we can also multiply stringsprint("dog " + "show")print("ha" * 10)# We can use format for a multitude of things, from spaces to decimal places
first_name = "Bryan"
last_name = "Guner"print("Your name is {0} {1}".format(first_name, last_name))# Useful String Methodsprint("Hello".upper())  # HELLOprint("Hello".lower())  # helloprint("HELLO".islower())  # Falseprint("HELLO".isupper())  # Trueprint("Hello".startswith("he"))  # Falseprint("Hello".endswith("lo"))  # Trueprint("Hello There".split())  # [Hello, There]print("hello1".isalpha())  # False,  must consist only of lettersprint("hello1".isalnum())  # True, must consist of only letters and numbersprint("3215235123".isdecimal())  # True, must be all numbers# True, must consist of only spaces/tabs/newlinesprint("       \n     ".isspace())# False, index 0 must be upper case and the rest lowerprint("Bryan Guner".istitle())print("Michael Lee".istitle())  # True!# Duck Typing - If it walks like a duck, and talks like a duck, it must be a duck# Assignment - All like JS, but there are no special keywords like let or const
a = 3
b = a
c = "heyoo"
b = ["reassignment", "is", "fine", "G!"]# Comparison Operators - Python uses the same equality operators as JS, but no ===# < - Less than# > - Greater than# <= - Less than or Equal# >= - Greater than or Equal# == - Equal to# != - Not equal to# is - Refers to exact same memory location# not - !# Precedence - Negative Signs(not) are applied first(part of each number)#            - Multiplication and Division(and) happen next#            - Addition and Subtraction(or) are the last step#  NOTE: Be careful when using not along with ==print(not a == b)  # True# print(a == not b) # Syntax Errorprint(a == (not b))  # This fixes it. Answer: False# Python does short-circuit evaluation# Assignment Operators - Mostly the same as JS except Python has **= and //= (int division)# Flow Control Statements - if, while, for# Note: Python smushes 'else if' into 'elif'!if 10 < 1:print("We don't get here")elif 10 < 5:print("Nor here...")else:print("Hey there!")# Looping over a stringfor c in "abcdefgh":print(c)# Looping over a rangefor i in range(5):print(i + 1)# Looping over a list
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]for i in lst:print(i)# Looping over a dictionary
spam = {"color": "red", "age": 42, "items": [(1, "hey"), (2, "hooo!")]}for v in spam.values():print(v)# Loop over a list of tuples and destructuring the values# Assuming spam.items returns a list of tuples each containing two items (k, v)for k, v in spam.items():print(f"{k}: {v}")# While loops as long as the condition is True#  - Exit loop early with break#  - Exit iteration early with continue
spam = 0while True:print("Sike That's the wrong Numba")
    spam += 1if spam < 5:continuebreak# Functions - use def keyword to define a function in Pythondef printCopyright():print("Copyright 2021, Bgoonz")# Lambdas are one liners! (Should be at least, you can use parenthesis to disobey)
avg = lambda num1, num2: print(num1 + num2)
avg(1, 2)# Calling it with keyword arguments, order does not matter
avg(num2=20, num1=1252)
printCopyright()# We can give parameters default arguments like JSdef greeting(name, saying="Hello"):print(saying, name)

greeting("Mike")  # Hello Mike
greeting("Bryan", saying="Hello there...")# A common gotcha is using a mutable object for a default parameter# All invocations of the function reference the same mutable objectdef append_item(item_name, item_list=[]):  # Will it obey and give us a new list?
    item_list.append(item_name)return item_list

# Uses same item list unless otherwise stated which is counterintuitiveprint(append_item("notebook"))print(append_item("notebook"))print(append_item("notebook", []))# Errors - Unlike JS, if we pass the incorrect amount of arguments to a function,#          it will throw an error# avg(1)  # TypeError# avg(1, 2, 2) # TypeError# ----------------------------------- DAY 2 ----------------------------------------# Functions - * to get rest of position arguments as tuple#           - ** to get rest of keyword arguments as a dictionary# Variable Length positional argumentsdef add(a, b, *args):# args is a tuple of the rest of the arguments
    total = a + b
    for n in args:
        total += n
    return total

print(add(1, 2))  # args is None, returns 3print(add(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6))  # args is (3, 4, 5, 6), returns 21# Variable Length Keyword Argumentsdef print_names_and_countries(greeting, **kwargs):# kwargs is a dictionary of the rest of the keyword argumentsfor k, v in kwargs.items():print(greeting, k, "from", v)

print_names_and_countries("Hey there", Monica="Sweden", Mike="The United States", Mark="China")# We can combine all of these togetherdef example2(arg1, arg2, *args, kw_1="cheese", kw_2="horse", **kwargs):pass# Lists are mutable arrays
empty_list = []
roomates = ["Beau", "Delynn"]# List built-in function makes a list too
specials = list()# We can use 'in' to test if something is in the list, like 'includes' in JSprint(1 in [1, 2, 4])  # Trueprint(2 in [1, 3, 5])  # False# Dictionaries - Similar to JS POJO's or Map, containing key value pairs
a = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}
b = dict(one=1, two=2, three=3)# Can use 'in' on dictionaries too (for keys)print("one" in a)  # Trueprint(3 in b)  # False# Sets - Just like JS, unordered collection of distinct objects
bedroom = {"bed", "tv", "computer", "clothes", "playstation 4"}# bedroom = set("bed", "tv", "computer", "clothes", "playstation 5")
school_bag = set(["book", "paper", "pencil", "pencil", "book", "book", "book", "eraser"])print(school_bag)print(bedroom)# We can use 'in' on sets as welprint(1 in {1, 2, 3})  # Trueprint(4 in {1, 3, 5})  # False# Tuples are immutable lists of items
time_blocks = ("AM", "PM")
colors = "red", "green", "blue"  # Parenthesis not needed but encouraged# The tuple built-in function can be used to convert things to tuplesprint(tuple("abc"))print(tuple([1, 2, 3]))# 'in' may be used on tuples as wellprint(1 in (1, 2, 3))  # Trueprint(5 in (1, 4, 3))  # False# Ranges are immutable lists of numbers, often used with for loops#   - start - default: 0, first number in sequence#   - stop - required, next number past last number in sequence#   - step - default: 1, difference between each number in sequence
range1 = range(5)  # [0,1,2,3,4]
range2 = range(1, 5)  # [1,2,3,4]
range3 = range(0, 25, 5)  # [0,5,10,15,20]
range4 = range(0)  # []for i in range1:print(i)# Built-in functions:# Filter
isOdd = lambda num: num % 2 == 1
filtered = filter(isOdd, [1, 2, 3, 4])print(list(filtered))for num in filtered:print(f"first way: {num}")print("--" * 20)[print(f"list comprehension: {i}") for i in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] if i % 2 == 1]# Mapdef toUpper(str):return str.upper()

upperCased = map(toUpper, ["a", "b", "c", "d"])print(list(upperCased))# Sorted
sorted_items = sorted(["john", "tom", "sonny", "Mike"])print(list(sorted_items))  # Notice uppercase comes before lowercase# Using a key function to control the sorting and make it case insensitive
sorted_items = sorted(["john", "tom", "sonny", "Mike"], key=str.lower)print(sorted_items)# You can also reverse the sort
sorted_items = sorted(["john", "tom", "sonny", "Mike"], key=str.lower, reverse=True)print(sorted_items)# Enumerate creates a tuple with an index for what you're enumerating
quarters = ["First", "Second", "Third", "Fourth"]print(list(enumerate(quarters)))print(list(enumerate(quarters, start=1)))# Zip takes list and combines them as key value pairs, or really however you need
keys = ("Name", "Email")
values = ("Buster", "cheetoh@johhnydepp.com")
zipped = zip(keys, values)print(list(zipped))# You can zip more than 2
x_coords = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
y_coords = [4, 6, 10, 9, 10]
z_coords = [20, 10, 5, 9, 1]
coords = zip(x_coords, y_coords, z_coords)print(list(coords))# Len reports the length of strings along with list and any other object data type
print_len = lambda item: print(len(item))  # doing this to save myself some typing
print_len("Mike")
print_len([1, 5, 2, 10, 3, 10])
print_len({1, 5, 10, 9, 10})  # 4 because there is a duplicate here (10)
print_len((1, 4, 10, 9, 20))# Max will return the max number in a given scenarioprint(max(1, 2, 35, 1012, 1))# Minprint(min(1, 5, 2, 10))print(min([1, 4, 7, 10]))# Sumprint(sum([1, 2, 4]))# Anyprint(any([True, False, False]))print(any([False, False, False]))# Allprint(all([True, True, False]))print(all([True, True, True]))# Dir returns all the attributes of an object including it's methods and dunder methods
user = {"Name": "Bob", "Email": "bob@bob.com"}print(dir(user))# Importing packages and modules#  - Module - A Python code in a file or directory#  - Package - A module which is a directory containing an __init__.py file#  - Submodule - A module which is contained within a package#  - Name - An exported function, class, or variable in a module# Unlike JS, modules export ALL names contained within them without any special export key# Assuming we have the following package with four submodules#  math#  |  __init__.py#  | addition.py#  | subtraction.py#  | multiplication.py#  | division.py# If we peek into the addition.py file we see there's an add function# addition.py# We can import 'add' from other places because it's a 'name' and is automatically exporteddef add(num1, num2):return num1 + num2

# Notice the . syntax because this package can import it's own submodules.# Our __init__.py has the following files# This imports the 'add' function# And now it's also re-exported in here as well# from .addition import add# These import and re-export the rest of the functions from the submodule# from .subtraction import subtract# from .division import divide# from .multiplication import multiply# So if we have a script.py and want to import add, we could do it many ways# This will load and execute the 'math/__init__.py' file and give# us an object with the exported names in 'math/__init__.py'import math
# print(math.add(1,2))# This imports JUST the add from 'math/__init__.py'# from math import add# print(add(1, 2))# This skips importing from 'math/__init__.py' (although it still runs)# and imports directly from the addition.py file# from math.addition import add# This imports all the functions individually from 'math/__init__.py'# from math import add, subtract, multiply, divide# print(add(1, 2))# print(subtract(2, 1))# This imports 'add' renames it to 'add_some_numbers'# from math import add as add_some_numbers# --------------------------------------- DAY 3 ---------------------------------------# Classes, Methods, and Propertiesclass AngryBird:# Slots optimize property access and memory usage and prevent you# from arbitrarily assigning new properties the instance
    __slots__ = ["_x", "_y"]# Constructordef __init__(self, x=0, y=0):# Doc String"""
        Construct a new AngryBird by setting it's position to (0, 0)
        """## Instance Variables
        self._x = x
        self._y = y
    # Instance Methoddef move_up_by(self, delta):
        self._y += delta
    # Getter@propertydef x(self):return self._x
    # Setter@x.setterdef x(self, value):if value < 0:
            value = 0
        self._x = value
    @propertydef y(self):return self._y
    @y.setterdef y(self, value):
        self._y = value
    # Dunder Repr... called by 'print'def __repr__(self):return f"<AngryBird ({self._x}, {self._y})>"# JS to Python Classes cheat table#        JS                    Python#   constructor()         def __init__(self):#      super()            super().__init__()#   this.property           self.property#    this.method            self.method()# method(arg1, arg2){}    def method(self, arg1, ...)# get someProperty(){}    @property# set someProperty(){}    @someProperty.setter# List Comprehensions are a way to transform a list from one format to another#  - Pythonic Alternative to using map or filter#  - Syntax of a list comprehension#     - new_list = [value loop condition]# Using a for loop
squares = []for i in range(10):
    squares.append(i ** 2)print(squares)# value = i ** 2# loop = for i in range(10)
squares = [i ** 2 for i in range(10)]print(list(squares))
sentence = "the rocket came back from mars"
vowels = [character for character in sentence if character in "aeiou"]print(vowels)# You can also use them on dictionaries. We can use the items() method# for the dictionary to loop through it getting the keys and values out at once
person = {"name": "Corina", "age": 32, "height": 1.4}# This loops through and capitalizes the first letter of all keys
newPerson = {key.title(): value for key, value in person.items()}print(list(newPerson.items()))