HTML SPEC

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WHATWG

Living Standard — Last Updated 29 October 2021

Table of contents

  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 Common infrastructure
  3. 3 Semantics, structure, and APIs of HTML documents
  4. 4 The elements of HTML
  5. 5 Microdata
  6. 6 User interaction
  7. 7 Loading web pages
  8. 8 Web application APIs
  9. 9 Communication
  10. 10 Web workers
  11. 11 Worklets
  12. 12 Web storage
  13. 13 The HTML syntax
  14. 14 The XML syntax
  15. 15 Rendering
  16. 16 Obsolete features
  17. 17 IANA considerations
  18. Index
  19. References
  20. Acknowledgments
  21. Intellectual property rights

Full table of contents

  1. 1 Introduction

    1. 1.1 Where does this specification fit?
    2. 1.2 Is this HTML5?
    3. 1.3 Background
    4. 1.4 Audience
    5. 1.5 Scope
    6. 1.6 History

    7. 1.7 Design notes

      1. 1.7.1 Serializability of script execution
      2. 1.7.2 Compliance with other specifications
      3. 1.7.3 Extensibility
    8. 1.8 HTML vs XML syntax

    9. 1.9 Structure of this specification

      1. 1.9.1 How to read this specification
      2. 1.9.2 Typographic conventions
    10. 1.10 A quick introduction to HTML
    11. 1.10.1 Writing secure applications with HTML
    12. 1.10.2 Common pitfalls to avoid when using the scripting APIs
    13. 1.10.3 How to catch mistakes when writing HTML: validators and conformance checkers
    14. 1.11 Conformance requirements for authors
    15. 1.11.1 Presentational markup
    16. 1.11.2 Syntax errors
    17. 1.11.3 Restrictions on content models and on attribute values
    18. 1.12 Suggested reading

  2. 2 Common infrastructure

    1. 2.1 Terminology

      1. 2.1.1 Parallelism
      2. 2.1.2 Resources
      3. 2.1.3 XML compatibility
      4. 2.1.4 DOM trees
      5. 2.1.5 Scripting
      6. 2.1.6 Plugins
      7. 2.1.7 Character encodings
      8. 2.1.8 Conformance classes
      9. 2.1.9 Dependencies
      10. 2.1.10 Extensibility
      11. 2.1.11 Interactions with XPath and XSLT
    2. 2.2 Policy-controlled features

    3. 2.3 Common microsyntaxes

      1. 2.3.1 Common parser idioms
      2. 2.3.2 Boolean attributes
      3. 2.3.3 Keywords and enumerated attributes

      4. 2.3.4 Numbers

        1. 2.3.4.1 Signed integers
        2. 2.3.4.2 Non-negative integers
        3. 2.3.4.3 Floating-point numbers
        4. 2.3.4.4 Percentages and lengths
        5. 2.3.4.5 Nonzero percentages and lengths
        6. 2.3.4.6 Lists of floating-point numbers
        7. 2.3.4.7 Lists of dimensions

      5. 2.3.5 Dates and times

        1. 2.3.5.1 Months
        2. 2.3.5.2 Dates
        3. 2.3.5.3 Yearless dates
        4. 2.3.5.4 Times
        5. 2.3.5.5 Local dates and times
        6. 2.3.5.6 Time zones
        7. 2.3.5.7 Global dates and times
        8. 2.3.5.8 Weeks
        9. 2.3.5.9 Durations
        10. 2.3.5.10 Vaguer moments in time
      6. 2.3.6 Colors
      7. 2.3.7 Space-separated tokens
      8. 2.3.8 Comma-separated tokens
      9. 2.3.9 References
      10. 2.3.10 Media queries

    4. 2.4 URLs

      1. 2.4.1 Terminology
      2. 2.4.2 Parsing URLs
      3. 2.4.3 Dynamic changes to base URLs

    5. 2.5 Fetching resources

      1. 2.5.1 Terminology
      2. 2.5.2 Determining the type of a resource
      3. 2.5.3 Extracting character encodings from meta elements
      4. 2.5.4 CORS settings attributes
      5. 2.5.5 Referrer policy attributes
      6. 2.5.6 Nonce attributes
      7. 2.5.7 Lazy loading attributes

    6. 2.6 Common DOM interfaces

      1. 2.6.1 Reflecting content attributes in IDL attributes

      2. 2.6.2 Collections

        1. 2.6.2.1 The HTMLAllCollection interface

          1. 2.6.2.1.1 [[Call]] ( thisArgument, argumentsList )
        2. 2.6.2.2 The HTMLFormControlsCollection interface
        3. 2.6.2.3 The HTMLOptionsCollection interface
      3. 2.6.3 The DOMStringList interface

    7. 2.7 Safe passing of structured data

      1. 2.7.1 Serializable objects
      2. 2.7.2 Transferable objects
      3. 2.7.3 StructuredSerializeInternal ( value, forStorage [ , memory ] )
      4. 2.7.4 StructuredSerialize ( value )
      5. 2.7.5 StructuredSerializeForStorage ( value )
      6. 2.7.6 StructuredDeserialize ( serialized, targetRealm [ , memory ] )
      7. 2.7.7 StructuredSerializeWithTransfer ( value, transferList )
      8. 2.7.8 StructuredDeserializeWithTransfer ( serializeWithTransferResult, targetRealm )
      9. 2.7.9 Performing serialization and transferring from other specifications
      10. 2.7.10 Structured cloning API

  3. 3 Semantics, structure, and APIs of HTML documents

    1. 3.1 Documents

      1. 3.1.1 The Document object
      2. 3.1.2 The DocumentOrShadowRoot interface
      3. 3.1.3 Resource metadata management
      4. 3.1.4 Reporting document loading status
      5. 3.1.5 DOM tree accessors

    2. 3.2 Elements

      1. 3.2.1 Semantics
      2. 3.2.2 Elements in the DOM
      3. 3.2.3 HTML element constructors

      4. 3.2.4 Element definitions

        1. 3.2.4.1 Attributes

      5. 3.2.5 Content models

        1. 3.2.5.1 The "nothing" content model

        2. 3.2.5.2 Kinds of content

          1. 3.2.5.2.1 Metadata content
          2. 3.2.5.2.2 Flow content
          3. 3.2.5.2.3 Sectioning content
          4. 3.2.5.2.4 Heading content
          5. 3.2.5.2.5 Phrasing content
          6. 3.2.5.2.6 Embedded content
          7. 3.2.5.2.7 Interactive content
          8. 3.2.5.2.8 Palpable content
          9. 3.2.5.2.9 Script-supporting elements
        3. 3.2.5.3 Transparent content models
        4. 3.2.5.4 Paragraphs

      6. 3.2.6 Global attributes

        1. 3.2.6.1 The title attribute
        2. 3.2.6.2 The lang and xml:lang attributes
        3. 3.2.6.3 The translate attribute
        4. 3.2.6.4 The dir attribute
        5. 3.2.6.5 The style attribute
        6. 3.2.6.6 Embedding custom non-visible data with the data-* attributes
      7. 3.2.7 The innerText and outerText properties

      8. 3.2.8 Requirements relating to the bidirectional algorithm

        1. 3.2.8.1 Authoring conformance criteria for bidirectional-algorithm formatting characters
        2. 3.2.8.2 User agent conformance criteria
      9. 3.2.9 Requirements related to ARIA and to platform accessibility APIs

  4. 4 The elements of HTML

    1. 4.1 The document element

      1. 4.1.1 The html element

    2. 4.2 Document metadata

      1. 4.2.1 The head element
      2. 4.2.2 The title element
      3. 4.2.3 The base element

      4. 4.2.4 The link element

        1. 4.2.4.1 Processing the media attribute
        2. 4.2.4.2 Processing the type attribute
        3. 4.2.4.3 Fetching and processing a resource from a link element
        4. 4.2.4.4 Processing `Link` headers
        5. 4.2.4.5 Providing users with a means to follow hyperlinks created using the link element

      5. 4.2.5 The meta element

        1. 4.2.5.1 Standard metadata names
        2. 4.2.5.2 Other metadata names
        3. 4.2.5.3 Pragma directives
        4. 4.2.5.4 Specifying the document's character encoding
      6. 4.2.6 The style element
      7. 4.2.7 Interactions of styling and scripting

    3. 4.3 Sections

      1. 4.3.1 The body element
      2. 4.3.2 The article element
      3. 4.3.3 The section element
      4. 4.3.4 The nav element
      5. 4.3.5 The aside element
      6. 4.3.6 The h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, and h6 elements
      7. 4.3.7 The hgroup element
      8. 4.3.8 The header element
      9. 4.3.9 The footer element
      10. 4.3.10 The address element
      11. 4.3.11 Headings and sections
      12. 4.3.11.1 Creating an outline
      13. 4.3.11.2 Sample outlines
      14. 4.3.11.3 Exposing outlines to users
      15. 4.3.12 Usage summary
      16. 4.3.12.1 Article or section?

    4. 4.4 Grouping content

      1. 4.4.1 The p element
      2. 4.4.2 The hr element
      3. 4.4.3 The pre element
      4. 4.4.4 The blockquote element
      5. 4.4.5 The ol element
      6. 4.4.6 The ul element
      7. 4.4.7 The menu element
      8. 4.4.8 The li element
      9. 4.4.9 The dl element
      10. 4.4.10 The dt element
      11. 4.4.11 The dd element
      12. 4.4.12 The figure element
      13. 4.4.13 The figcaption element
      14. 4.4.14 The main element
      15. 4.4.15 The div element

    5. 4.5 Text-level semantics

      1. 4.5.1 The a element
      2. 4.5.2 The em element
      3. 4.5.3 The strong element
      4. 4.5.4 The small element
      5. 4.5.5 The s element
      6. 4.5.6 The cite element
      7. 4.5.7 The q element
      8. 4.5.8 The dfn element
      9. 4.5.9 The abbr element
      10. 4.5.10 The ruby element
      11. 4.5.11 The rt element
      12. 4.5.12 The rp element
      13. 4.5.13 The data element
      14. 4.5.14 The time element
      15. 4.5.15 The code element
      16. 4.5.16 The var element
      17. 4.5.17 The samp element
      18. 4.5.18 The kbd element
      19. 4.5.19 The sub and sup elements
      20. 4.5.20 The i element
      21. 4.5.21 The b element
      22. 4.5.22 The u element
      23. 4.5.23 The mark element
      24. 4.5.24 The bdi element
      25. 4.5.25 The bdo element
      26. 4.5.26 The span element
      27. 4.5.27 The br element
      28. 4.5.28 The wbr element
      29. 4.5.29 Usage summary

    6. 4.6 Links

      1. 4.6.1 Introduction
      2. 4.6.2 Links created by a and area elements
      3. 4.6.3 API for a and area elements
      4. 4.6.4 Following hyperlinks

      5. 4.6.5 Downloading resources

        1. 4.6.5.1 Hyperlink auditing

      6. 4.6.6 Link types

        1. 4.6.6.1 Link type "alternate"
        2. 4.6.6.2 Link type "author"
        3. 4.6.6.3 Link type "bookmark"
        4. 4.6.6.4 Link type "canonical"
        5. 4.6.6.5 Link type "dns-prefetch"
        6. 4.6.6.6 Link type "external"
        7. 4.6.6.7 Link type "help"
        8. 4.6.6.8 Link type "icon"
        9. 4.6.6.9 Link type "license"
        10. 4.6.6.10 Link type "manifest"
        11. 4.6.6.11 Link type "modulepreload"
        12. 4.6.6.12 Link type "nofollow"
        13. 4.6.6.13 Link type "noopener"
        14. 4.6.6.14 Link type "noreferrer"
        15. 4.6.6.15 Link type "opener"
        16. 4.6.6.16 Link type "pingback"
        17. 4.6.6.17 Link type "preconnect"
        18. 4.6.6.18 Link type "prefetch"
        19. 4.6.6.19 Link type "preload"
        20. 4.6.6.20 Link type "prerender"
        21. 4.6.6.21 Link type "search"
        22. 4.6.6.22 Link type "stylesheet"
        23. 4.6.6.23 Link type "tag"
        24. 4.6.6.24 Sequential link types
        25. 4.6.6.24.1 Link type "next"
        26. 4.6.6.24.2 Link type "prev"
        27. 4.6.6.25 Other link types

    7. 4.7 Edits

      1. 4.7.1 The ins element
      2. 4.7.2 The del element
      3. 4.7.3 Attributes common to ins and del elements
      4. 4.7.4 Edits and paragraphs
      5. 4.7.5 Edits and lists
      6. 4.7.6 Edits and tables

    8. 4.8 Embedded content

      1. 4.8.1 The picture element
      2. 4.8.2 The source element
      3. 4.8.3 The img element

      4. 4.8.4 Images

        1. 4.8.4.1 Introduction

          1. 4.8.4.1.1 Adaptive images

        2. 4.8.4.2 Attributes common to source, img, and link elements

          1. 4.8.4.2.1 Srcset attributes
          2. 4.8.4.2.2 Sizes attributes

        3. 4.8.4.3 Processing model

          1. 4.8.4.3.1 When to obtain images
          2. 4.8.4.3.2 Reacting to DOM mutations
          3. 4.8.4.3.3 The list of available images
          4. 4.8.4.3.4 Decoding images
          5. 4.8.4.3.5 Updating the image data
          6. 4.8.4.3.6 Preparing an image for presentation
          7. 4.8.4.3.7 Selecting an image source
          8. 4.8.4.3.8 Updating the source set
          9. 4.8.4.3.9 Parsing a srcset attribute
          10. 4.8.4.3.10 Parsing a sizes attribute
          11. 4.8.4.3.11 Normalizing the source densities
          12. 4.8.4.3.12 Reacting to environment changes

        4. 4.8.4.4 Requirements for providing text to act as an alternative for images

          1. 4.8.4.4.1 General guidelines
          2. 4.8.4.4.2 A link or button containing nothing but the image
          3. 4.8.4.4.3 A phrase or paragraph with an alternative graphical representation: charts, diagrams, graphs, maps, illustrations
          4. 4.8.4.4.4 A short phrase or label with an alternative graphical representation: icons, logos
          5. 4.8.4.4.5 Text that has been rendered to a graphic for typographical effect
          6. 4.8.4.4.6 A graphical representation of some of the surrounding text
          7. 4.8.4.4.7 Ancillary images
          8. 4.8.4.4.8 A purely decorative image that doesn't add any information
          9. 4.8.4.4.9 A group of images that form a single larger picture with no links
          10. 4.8.4.4.10 A group of images that form a single larger picture with links
          11. 4.8.4.4.11 A key part of the content
          12. 4.8.4.4.12 An image not intended for the user
          13. 4.8.4.4.13 An image in an email or private document intended for a specific person who is known to be able to view images
          14. 4.8.4.4.14 Guidance for markup generators
          15. 4.8.4.4.15 Guidance for conformance checkers
      5. 4.8.5 The iframe element
      6. 4.8.6 The embed element
      7. 4.8.7 The object element
      8. 4.8.8 The param element
      9. 4.8.9 The video element
      10. 4.8.10 The audio element
      11. 4.8.11 The track element
      12. 4.8.12 Media elements
      13. 4.8.12.1 Error codes
      14. 4.8.12.2 Location of the media resource
      15. 4.8.12.3 MIME types
      16. 4.8.12.4 Network states
      17. 4.8.12.5 Loading the media resource
      18. 4.8.12.6 Offsets into the media resource
      19. 4.8.12.7 Ready states
      20. 4.8.12.8 Playing the media resource
      21. 4.8.12.9 Seeking
      22. 4.8.12.10 Media resources with multiple media tracks
      23. 4.8.12.10.1 AudioTrackList and VideoTrackList objects
      24. 4.8.12.10.2 Selecting specific audio and video tracks declaratively
      25. 4.8.12.11 Timed text tracks
      26. 4.8.12.11.1 Text track model
      27. 4.8.12.11.2 Sourcing in-band text tracks
      28. 4.8.12.11.3 Sourcing out-of-band text tracks
      29. 4.8.12.11.4 Guidelines for exposing cues in various formats as text track cues
      30. 4.8.12.11.5 Text track API
      31. 4.8.12.11.6 Event handlers for objects of the text track APIs
      32. 4.8.12.11.7 Best practices for metadata text tracks
      33. 4.8.12.12 Identifying a track kind through a URL
      34. 4.8.12.13 User interface
      35. 4.8.12.14 Time ranges
      36. 4.8.12.15 The TrackEvent interface
      37. 4.8.12.16 Events summary
      38. 4.8.12.17 Security and privacy considerations
      39. 4.8.12.18 Best practices for authors using media elements
      40. 4.8.12.19 Best practices for implementers of media elements
      41. 4.8.13 The map element
      42. 4.8.14 The area element
      43. 4.8.15 Image maps
      44. 4.8.15.1 Authoring
      45. 4.8.15.2 Processing model
      46. 4.8.16 MathML
      47. 4.8.17 SVG
      48. 4.8.18 Dimension attributes

    9. 4.9 Tabular data

      1. 4.9.1 The table element

        1. 4.9.1.1 Techniques for describing tables
        2. 4.9.1.2 Techniques for table design
      2. 4.9.2 The caption element
      3. 4.9.3 The colgroup element
      4. 4.9.4 The col element
      5. 4.9.5 The tbody element
      6. 4.9.6 The thead element
      7. 4.9.7 The tfoot element
      8. 4.9.8 The tr element
      9. 4.9.9 The td element
      10. 4.9.10 The th element
      11. 4.9.11 Attributes common to td and th elements
      12. 4.9.12 Processing model
      13. 4.9.12.1 Forming a table
      14. 4.9.12.2 Forming relationships between data cells and header cells
      15. 4.9.13 Examples
    10. 4.10 Forms

    11. 4.10.1 Introduction

      1. 4.10.1.1 Writing a form's user interface
      2. 4.10.1.2 Implementing the server-side processing for a form
      3. 4.10.1.3 Configuring a form to communicate with a server
      4. 4.10.1.4 Client-side form validation
      5. 4.10.1.5 Enabling client-side automatic filling of form controls
      6. 4.10.1.6 Improving the user experience on mobile devices
      7. 4.10.1.7 The difference between the field type, the autofill field name, and the input modality
      8. 4.10.1.8 Date, time, and number formats
    12. 4.10.2 Categories
    13. 4.10.3 The form element
    14. 4.10.4 The label element

    15. 4.10.5 The input element

      1. 4.10.5.1 States of the type attribute

        1. 4.10.5.1.1 Hidden state (type=hidden)
        2. 4.10.5.1.2 Text (type=text) state and Search state (type=search)
        3. 4.10.5.1.3 Telephone state (type=tel)
        4. 4.10.5.1.4 URL state (type=url)
        5. 4.10.5.1.5 Email state (type=email)
        6. 4.10.5.1.6 Password state (type=password)
        7. 4.10.5.1.7 Date state (type=date)
        8. 4.10.5.1.8 Month state (type=month)
        9. 4.10.5.1.9 Week state (type=week)
        10. 4.10.5.1.10 Time state (type=time)
        11. 4.10.5.1.11 Local Date and Time state (type=datetime-local)
        12. 4.10.5.1.12 Number state (type=number)
        13. 4.10.5.1.13 Range state (type=range)
        14. 4.10.5.1.14 Color state (type=color)
        15. 4.10.5.1.15 Checkbox state (type=checkbox)
        16. 4.10.5.1.16 Radio Button state (type=radio)
        17. 4.10.5.1.17 File Upload state (type=file)
        18. 4.10.5.1.18 Submit Button state (type=submit)
        19. 4.10.5.1.19 Image Button state (type=image)
        20. 4.10.5.1.20 Reset Button state (type=reset)
        21. 4.10.5.1.21 Button state (type=button)
      2. 4.10.5.2 Implementation notes regarding localization of form controls

      3. 4.10.5.3 Common input element attributes

        1. 4.10.5.3.1 The maxlength and minlength attributes
        2. 4.10.5.3.2 The size attribute
        3. 4.10.5.3.3 The readonly attribute
        4. 4.10.5.3.4 The required attribute
        5. 4.10.5.3.5 The multiple attribute
        6. 4.10.5.3.6 The pattern attribute
        7. 4.10.5.3.7 The min and max attributes
        8. 4.10.5.3.8 The step attribute
        9. 4.10.5.3.9 The list attribute
        10. 4.10.5.3.10 The placeholder attribute
      4. 4.10.5.4 Common input element APIs
      5. 4.10.5.5 Common event behaviors
    16. 4.10.6 The button element
    17. 4.10.7 The select element
    18. 4.10.8 The datalist element
    19. 4.10.9 The optgroup element
    20. 4.10.10 The option element
    21. 4.10.11 The textarea element
    22. 4.10.12 The output element
    23. 4.10.13 The progress element
    24. 4.10.14 The meter element
    25. 4.10.15 The fieldset element
    26. 4.10.16 The legend element
    27. 4.10.17 Form control infrastructure
    28. 4.10.17.1 A form control's value
    29. 4.10.17.2 Mutability
    30. 4.10.17.3 Association of controls and forms
    31. 4.10.18 Attributes common to form controls
    32. 4.10.18.1 Naming form controls: the name attribute
    33. 4.10.18.2 Submitting element directionality: the dirname attribute
    34. 4.10.18.3 Limiting user input length: the maxlength attribute
    35. 4.10.18.4 Setting minimum input length requirements: the minlength attribute
    36. 4.10.18.5 Enabling and disabling form controls: the disabled attribute
    37. 4.10.18.6 Form submission attributes

    38. 4.10.18.7 Autofill

      1. 4.10.18.7.1 Autofilling form controls: the autocomplete attribute
      2. 4.10.18.7.2 Processing model
    39. 4.10.19 APIs for the text control selections
    40. 4.10.20 Constraints
    41. 4.10.20.1 Definitions
    42. 4.10.20.2 Constraint validation
    43. 4.10.20.3 The constraint validation API
    44. 4.10.20.4 Security
    45. 4.10.21 Form submission
    46. 4.10.21.1 Introduction
    47. 4.10.21.2 Implicit submission
    48. 4.10.21.3 Form submission algorithm
    49. 4.10.21.4 Constructing the entry list
    50. 4.10.21.5 Selecting a form submission encoding
    51. 4.10.21.6 Converting an entry list to a list of name-value pairs
    52. 4.10.21.7 URL-encoded form data
    53. 4.10.21.8 Multipart form data
    54. 4.10.21.9 Plain text form data
    55. 4.10.21.10 The SubmitEvent interface
    56. 4.10.21.11 The FormDataEvent interface
    57. 4.10.22 Resetting a form
    58. 4.11 Interactive elements
    59. 4.11.1 The details element
    60. 4.11.2 The summary element

    61. 4.11.3 Commands

      1. 4.11.3.1 Facets
      2. 4.11.3.2 Using the a element to define a command
      3. 4.11.3.3 Using the button element to define a command
      4. 4.11.3.4 Using the input element to define a command
      5. 4.11.3.5 Using the option element to define a command
      6. 4.11.3.6 Using the accesskey attribute on a legend element to define a command
      7. 4.11.3.7 Using the accesskey attribute to define a command on other elements
    62. 4.11.4 The dialog element
    63. 4.12 Scripting

    64. 4.12.1 The script element

      1. 4.12.1.1 Processing model
      2. 4.12.1.2 Scripting languages
      3. 4.12.1.3 Restrictions for contents of script elements
      4. 4.12.1.4 Inline documentation for external scripts
      5. 4.12.1.5 Interaction of script elements and XSLT
    65. 4.12.2 The noscript element

    66. 4.12.3 The template element

      1. 4.12.3.1 Interaction of template elements with XSLT and XPath
    67. 4.12.4 The slot element

    68. 4.12.5 The canvas element

      1. 4.12.5.1 The 2D rendering context

        1. 4.12.5.1.1 Implementation notes
        2. 4.12.5.1.2 The canvas state
        3. 4.12.5.1.3 Line styles
        4. 4.12.5.1.4 Text styles
        5. 4.12.5.1.5 Building paths
        6. 4.12.5.1.6 Path2D objects
        7. 4.12.5.1.7 Transformations
        8. 4.12.5.1.8 Image sources for 2D rendering contexts
        9. 4.12.5.1.9 Fill and stroke styles
        10. 4.12.5.1.10 Drawing rectangles to the bitmap
        11. 4.12.5.1.11 Drawing text to the bitmap
        12. 4.12.5.1.12 Drawing paths to the canvas
        13. 4.12.5.1.13 Drawing focus rings and scrolling paths into view
        14. 4.12.5.1.14 Drawing images
        15. 4.12.5.1.15 Pixel manipulation
        16. 4.12.5.1.16 Compositing
        17. 4.12.5.1.17 Image smoothing
        18. 4.12.5.1.18 Shadows
        19. 4.12.5.1.19 Filters
        20. 4.12.5.1.20 Working with externally-defined SVG filters
        21. 4.12.5.1.21 Drawing model
        22. 4.12.5.1.22 Best practices
        23. 4.12.5.1.23 Examples

      2. 4.12.5.2 The ImageBitmap rendering context

        1. 4.12.5.2.1 Introduction
        2. 4.12.5.2.2 The ImageBitmapRenderingContext interface

      3. 4.12.5.3 The OffscreenCanvas interface

        1. 4.12.5.3.1 The offscreen 2D rendering context
      4. 4.12.5.4 Color spaces and color space conversion
      5. 4.12.5.5 Serializing bitmaps to a file
      6. 4.12.5.6 Security with canvas elements
      7. 4.12.5.7 Premultiplied alpha and the 2D rendering context
    69. 4.13 Custom elements

    70. 4.13.1 Introduction

      1. 4.13.1.1 Creating an autonomous custom element
      2. 4.13.1.2 Creating a form-associated custom element
      3. 4.13.1.3 Creating a custom element with default accessible roles, states, and properties
      4. 4.13.1.4 Creating a customized built-in element
      5. 4.13.1.5 Drawbacks of autonomous custom elements
      6. 4.13.1.6 Upgrading elements after their creation
    71. 4.13.2 Requirements for custom element constructors and reactions
    72. 4.13.3 Core concepts
    73. 4.13.4 The CustomElementRegistry interface
    74. 4.13.5 Upgrades
    75. 4.13.6 Custom element reactions

    76. 4.13.7 Element internals

      1. 4.13.7.1 The ElementInternals interface
      2. 4.13.7.2 Shadow root access
      3. 4.13.7.3 Form-associated custom elements
      4. 4.13.7.4 Accessibility semantics
    77. 4.14 Common idioms without dedicated elements
    78. 4.14.1 Breadcrumb navigation
    79. 4.14.2 Tag clouds
    80. 4.14.3 Conversations
    81. 4.14.4 Footnotes
    82. 4.15 Disabled elements
    83. 4.16 Matching HTML elements using selectors and CSS
    84. 4.16.1 Case-sensitivity of the CSS 'attr()' function
    85. 4.16.2 Case-sensitivity of selectors
    86. 4.16.3 Pseudo-classes

  5. 5 Microdata

    1. 5.1 Introduction

      1. 5.1.1 Overview
      2. 5.1.2 The basic syntax
      3. 5.1.3 Typed items
      4. 5.1.4 Global identifiers for items
      5. 5.1.5 Selecting names when defining vocabularies

    2. 5.2 Encoding microdata

      1. 5.2.1 The microdata model
      2. 5.2.2 Items
      3. 5.2.3 Names: the itemprop attribute
      4. 5.2.4 Values
      5. 5.2.5 Associating names with items
      6. 5.2.6 Microdata and other namespaces

    3. 5.3 Sample microdata vocabularies

      1. 5.3.1 vCard

        1. 5.3.1.1 Conversion to vCard
        2. 5.3.1.2 Examples

      2. 5.3.2 vEvent

        1. 5.3.2.1 Conversion to iCalendar
        2. 5.3.2.2 Examples

      3. 5.3.3 Licensing works

        1. 5.3.3.1 Examples

    4. 5.4 Converting HTML to other formats

      1. 5.4.1 JSON

  6. 6 User interaction

    1. 6.1 The hidden attribute
    2. 6.2 Inert subtrees

    3. 6.3 Tracking user activation

      1. 6.3.1 Data model
      2. 6.3.2 Processing model
      3. 6.3.3 APIs gated by user activation
    4. 6.4 Activation behavior of elements

    5. 6.5 Focus

      1. 6.5.1 Introduction
      2. 6.5.2 Data model
      3. 6.5.3 The tabindex attribute
      4. 6.5.4 Processing model
      5. 6.5.5 Sequential focus navigation
      6. 6.5.6 Focus management APIs
      7. 6.5.7 The autofocus attribute

    6. 6.6 Assigning keyboard shortcuts

      1. 6.6.1 Introduction
      2. 6.6.2 The accesskey attribute
      3. 6.6.3 Processing model

    7. 6.7 Editing

      1. 6.7.1 Making document regions editable: The contenteditable content attribute
      2. 6.7.2 Making entire documents editable: the designMode getter and setter
      3. 6.7.3 Best practices for in-page editors
      4. 6.7.4 Editing APIs
      5. 6.7.5 Spelling and grammar checking
      6. 6.7.6 Autocapitalization
      7. 6.7.7 Input modalities: the inputmode attribute
      8. 6.7.8 Input modalities: the enterkeyhint attribute

    8. 6.8 Find-in-page

      1. 6.8.1 Introduction
      2. 6.8.2 Interaction with details
      3. 6.8.3 Interaction with selection

    9. 6.9 Drag and drop

      1. 6.9.1 Introduction
      2. 6.9.2 The drag data store

      3. 6.9.3 The DataTransfer interface

        1. 6.9.3.1 The DataTransferItemList interface
        2. 6.9.3.2 The DataTransferItem interface
      4. 6.9.4 The DragEvent interface
      5. 6.9.5 Processing model
      6. 6.9.6 Events summary
      7. 6.9.7 The draggable attribute
      8. 6.9.8 Security risks in the drag-and-drop model

  7. 7 Loading web pages

    1. 7.1 Browsing contexts

      1. 7.1.1 Creating browsing contexts

      2. 7.1.2 Related browsing contexts

        1. 7.1.2.1 Navigating related browsing contexts in the DOM
      3. 7.1.3 Security
      4. 7.1.4 Groupings of browsing contexts
      5. 7.1.5 Browsing context names

    2. 7.2 Security infrastructure for Window, WindowProxy, and Location objects

      1. 7.2.1 Integration with IDL
      2. 7.2.2 Shared internal slot: [[CrossOriginPropertyDescriptorMap]]

      3. 7.2.3 Shared abstract operations

        1. 7.2.3.1 CrossOriginProperties ( O )
        2. 7.2.3.2 CrossOriginPropertyFallback ( P )
        3. 7.2.3.3 IsPlatformObjectSameOrigin ( O )
        4. 7.2.3.4 CrossOriginGetOwnPropertyHelper ( O, P )
        5. 7.2.3.5 CrossOriginGet ( O, P, Receiver )
        6. 7.2.3.6 CrossOriginSet ( O, P, V, Receiver )
        7. 7.2.3.7 CrossOriginOwnPropertyKeys ( O )

    3. 7.3 The Window object

      1. 7.3.1 APIs for creating and navigating browsing contexts by name
      2. 7.3.2 Accessing other browsing contexts
      3. 7.3.3 Named access on the Window object
      4. 7.3.4 Discarding browsing contexts
      5. 7.3.5 Closing browsing contexts
      6. 7.3.6 Browser interface elements
      7. 7.3.7 Script settings for Window objects

    4. 7.4 The WindowProxy exotic object

      1. 7.4.1 [[GetPrototypeOf]] ( )
      2. 7.4.2 [[SetPrototypeOf]] ( V )
      3. 7.4.3 [[IsExtensible]] ( )
      4. 7.4.4 [[PreventExtensions]] ( )
      5. 7.4.5 [[GetOwnProperty]] ( P )
      6. 7.4.6 [[DefineOwnProperty]] ( P, Desc )
      7. 7.4.7 [[Get]] ( P, Receiver )
      8. 7.4.8 [[Set]] ( P, V, Receiver )
      9. 7.4.9 [[Delete]] ( P )
      10. 7.4.10 [[OwnPropertyKeys]] ( )

    5. 7.5 Origin

      1. 7.5.1 Sites
      2. 7.5.2 Relaxing the same-origin restriction
      3. 7.5.3 Origin-keyed agent clusters
    6. 7.6 Sandboxing

    7. 7.7 Cross-origin opener policies

      1. 7.7.1 The headers
      2. 7.7.2 Browsing context group switches due to cross-origin opener policy
      3. 7.7.3 Reporting

    8. 7.8 Cross-origin embedder policies

      1. 7.8.1 The headers
      2. 7.8.2 Embedder policy checks
    9. 7.9 Policy containers
    10. 7.10 Session history and navigation
    11. 7.10.1 Browsing sessions
    12. 7.10.2 The session history of browsing contexts
    13. 7.10.3 The History interface
    14. 7.10.4 Implementation notes for session history

    15. 7.10.5 The Location interface

      1. 7.10.5.1 [[GetPrototypeOf]] ( )
      2. 7.10.5.2 [[SetPrototypeOf]] ( V )
      3. 7.10.5.3 [[IsExtensible]] ( )
      4. 7.10.5.4 [[PreventExtensions]] ( )
      5. 7.10.5.5 [[GetOwnProperty]] ( P )
      6. 7.10.5.6 [[DefineOwnProperty]] ( P, Desc )
      7. 7.10.5.7 [[Get]] ( P, Receiver )
      8. 7.10.5.8 [[Set]] ( P, V, Receiver )
      9. 7.10.5.9 [[Delete]] ( P )
      10. 7.10.5.10 [[OwnPropertyKeys]] ( )
    16. 7.11 Browsing the web
    17. 7.11.1 Navigating across documents
    18. 7.11.2 Page load processing model for HTML files
    19. 7.11.3 Page load processing model for XML files
    20. 7.11.4 Page load processing model for text files
    21. 7.11.5 Page load processing model for multipart/x-mixed-replace resources
    22. 7.11.6 Page load processing model for media
    23. 7.11.7 Page load processing model for content that uses plugins
    24. 7.11.8 Page load processing model for inline content that doesn't have a DOM
    25. 7.11.9 Navigating to a fragment
    26. 7.11.10 History traversal
    27. 7.11.10.1 Persisted history entry state
    28. 7.11.10.2 The PopStateEvent interface
    29. 7.11.10.3 The HashChangeEvent interface
    30. 7.11.10.4 The PageTransitionEvent interface
    31. 7.11.11 Loading documents
    32. 7.11.12 Unloading documents
    33. 7.11.12.1 The BeforeUnloadEvent interface
    34. 7.11.13 Aborting a document load
    35. 7.11.14 The `X-Frame-Options` header

  8. 8 Web application APIs

    1. 8.1 Scripting

      1. 8.1.1 Introduction

      2. 8.1.2 Agents and agent clusters

        1. 8.1.2.1 Integration with the JavaScript agent formalism
        2. 8.1.2.2 Integration with the JavaScript agent cluster formalism

      3. 8.1.3 Realms and their counterparts

        1. 8.1.3.1 Environments
        2. 8.1.3.2 Environment settings objects

        3. 8.1.3.3 Realms, settings objects, and global objects

          1. 8.1.3.3.1 Entry
          2. 8.1.3.3.2 Incumbent
          3. 8.1.3.3.3 Current
          4. 8.1.3.3.4 Relevant
        4. 8.1.3.4 Enabling and disabling scripting
        5. 8.1.3.5 Secure contexts

      4. 8.1.4 Script processing model

        1. 8.1.4.1 Scripts
        2. 8.1.4.2 Fetching scripts
        3. 8.1.4.3 Creating scripts
        4. 8.1.4.4 Calling scripts
        5. 8.1.4.5 Killing scripts
        6. 8.1.4.6 Runtime script errors
        7. 8.1.4.7 Unhandled promise rejections

      5. 8.1.5 JavaScript specification host hooks

        1. 8.1.5.1 HostEnsureCanCompileStrings(callerRealm, calleeRealm)
        2. 8.1.5.2 HostPromiseRejectionTracker(promise, operation)

        3. 8.1.5.3 Job-related host hooks

          1. 8.1.5.3.1 HostCallJobCallback(callback, V, argumentsList)
          2. 8.1.5.3.2 HostEnqueueFinalizationRegistryCleanupJob(finalizationRegistry)
          3. 8.1.5.3.3 HostEnqueuePromiseJob(job, realm)
          4. 8.1.5.3.4 HostMakeJobCallback(callable)

        4. 8.1.5.4 Module-related host hooks

          1. 8.1.5.4.1 HostGetImportMetaProperties(moduleRecord)
          2. 8.1.5.4.2 HostImportModuleDynamically(referencingScriptOrModule, moduleRequest, promiseCapability)
          3. 8.1.5.4.3 HostResolveImportedModule(referencingScriptOrModule, moduleRequest)
          4. 8.1.5.4.4 HostGetSupportedImportAssertions()

      6. 8.1.6 Event loops

        1. 8.1.6.1 Definitions
        2. 8.1.6.2 Queuing tasks
        3. 8.1.6.3 Processing model
        4. 8.1.6.4 Generic task sources
        5. 8.1.6.5 Dealing with the event loop from other specifications

      7. 8.1.7 Events

        1. 8.1.7.1 Event handlers

        2. 8.1.7.2 Event handlers on elements, Document objects, and Window objects

          1. 8.1.7.2.1 IDL definitions
        3. 8.1.7.3 Event firing
    2. 8.2 The WindowOrWorkerGlobalScope mixin
    3. 8.3 Base64 utility methods

    4. 8.4 Dynamic markup insertion

      1. 8.4.1 Opening the input stream
      2. 8.4.2 Closing the input stream
      3. 8.4.3 document.write()
      4. 8.4.4 document.writeln()
    5. 8.5 DOM parsing
    6. 8.6 Timers
    7. 8.7 Microtask queuing

    8. 8.8 User prompts

      1. 8.8.1 Simple dialogs
      2. 8.8.2 Printing

    9. 8.9 System state and capabilities

      1. 8.9.1 The Navigator object

        1. 8.9.1.1 Client identification
        2. 8.9.1.2 Language preferences
        3. 8.9.1.3 Browser state

        4. 8.9.1.4 Custom scheme handlers: the registerProtocolHandler() method

          1. 8.9.1.4.1 Security and privacy
        5. 8.9.1.5 Cookies
        6. 8.9.1.6 PDF viewing support
    10. 8.10 Images
    11. 8.11 Animation frames

  9. 9 Communication

    1. 9.1 The MessageEvent interface

    2. 9.2 Server-sent events

      1. 9.2.1 Introduction
      2. 9.2.2 The EventSource interface
      3. 9.2.3 Processing model
      4. 9.2.4 Parsing an event stream
      5. 9.2.5 Interpreting an event stream
      6. 9.2.6 Authoring notes
      7. 9.2.7 Connectionless push and other features
      8. 9.2.8 Garbage collection
      9. 9.2.9 Implementation advice

    3. 9.3 Web sockets

      1. 9.3.1 Introduction
      2. 9.3.2 The WebSocket interface
      3. 9.3.3 Feedback from the protocol
      4. 9.3.4 Ping and Pong frames
      5. 9.3.5 The CloseEvent interface
      6. 9.3.6 Garbage collection

    4. 9.4 Cross-document messaging

      1. 9.4.1 Introduction

      2. 9.4.2 Security

        1. 9.4.2.1 Authors
        2. 9.4.2.2 User agents
      3. 9.4.3 Posting messages

    5. 9.5 Channel messaging

      1. 9.5.1 Introduction

        1. 9.5.1.1 Examples
        2. 9.5.1.2 Ports as the basis of an object-capability model on the web
        3. 9.5.1.3 Ports as the basis of abstracting out service implementations
      2. 9.5.2 Message channels
      3. 9.5.3 Message ports
      4. 9.5.4 Broadcasting to many ports
      5. 9.5.5 Ports and garbage collection
    6. 9.6 Broadcasting to other browsing contexts
  10. 10 Web workers

  11. 10.1 Introduction

    1. 10.1.1 Scope

    2. 10.1.2 Examples

      1. 10.1.2.1 A background number-crunching worker
      2. 10.1.2.2 Using a JavaScript module as a worker
      3. 10.1.2.3 Shared workers introduction
      4. 10.1.2.4 Shared state using a shared worker
      5. 10.1.2.5 Delegation
      6. 10.1.2.6 Providing libraries

    3. 10.1.3 Tutorials

      1. 10.1.3.1 Creating a dedicated worker
      2. 10.1.3.2 Communicating with a dedicated worker
      3. 10.1.3.3 Shared workers

  12. 10.2 Infrastructure

    1. 10.2.1 The global scope

      1. 10.2.1.1 The WorkerGlobalScope common interface
      2. 10.2.1.2 Dedicated workers and the DedicatedWorkerGlobalScope interface
      3. 10.2.1.3 Shared workers and the SharedWorkerGlobalScope interface
    2. 10.2.2 The event loop
    3. 10.2.3 The worker's lifetime
    4. 10.2.4 Processing model
    5. 10.2.5 Runtime script errors

    6. 10.2.6 Creating workers

      1. 10.2.6.1 The AbstractWorker mixin
      2. 10.2.6.2 Script settings for workers
      3. 10.2.6.3 Dedicated workers and the Worker interface
      4. 10.2.6.4 Shared workers and the SharedWorker interface
    7. 10.2.7 Concurrent hardware capabilities

  13. 10.3 APIs available to workers

    1. 10.3.1 Importing scripts and libraries
    2. 10.3.2 The WorkerNavigator interface
    3. 10.3.3 The WorkerLocation interface
  14. 11 Worklets

  15. 11.1 Introduction

    1. 11.1.1 Motivations
    2. 11.1.2 Code idempotence
    3. 11.1.3 Speculative evaluation

  16. 11.2 Examples

    1. 11.2.1 Loading scripts
    2. 11.2.2 Registering a class and invoking its methods

  17. 11.3 Infrastructure

    1. 11.3.1 The global scope

      1. 11.3.1.1 Agents and event loops
      2. 11.3.1.2 Creation and termination
      3. 11.3.1.3 Script settings for worklets
    2. 11.3.2 The Worklet class
    3. 11.3.3 The worklet's lifetime
  18. 12 Web storage
  19. 12.1 Introduction

  20. 12.2 The API

    1. 12.2.1 The Storage interface
    2. 12.2.2 The sessionStorage getter
    3. 12.2.3 The localStorage getter
    4. 12.2.4 The StorageEvent interface

  21. 12.3 Privacy

    1. 12.3.1 User tracking
    2. 12.3.2 Sensitivity of data

  22. 12.4 Security

    1. 12.4.1 DNS spoofing attacks
    2. 12.4.2 Cross-directory attacks
    3. 12.4.3 Implementation risks
  23. 13 The HTML syntax

  24. 13.1 Writing HTML documents

    1. 13.1.1 The DOCTYPE

    2. 13.1.2 Elements

      1. 13.1.2.1 Start tags
      2. 13.1.2.2 End tags
      3. 13.1.2.3 Attributes
      4. 13.1.2.4 Optional tags
      5. 13.1.2.5 Restrictions on content models
      6. 13.1.2.6 Restrictions on the contents of raw text and escapable raw text elements

    3. 13.1.3 Text

      1. 13.1.3.1 Newlines
    4. 13.1.4 Character references
    5. 13.1.5 CDATA sections
    6. 13.1.6 Comments

  25. 13.2 Parsing HTML documents

    1. 13.2.1 Overview of the parsing model
    2. 13.2.2 Parse errors

    3. 13.2.3 The input byte stream

      1. 13.2.3.1 Parsing with a known character encoding
      2. 13.2.3.2 Determining the character encoding
      3. 13.2.3.3 Character encodings
      4. 13.2.3.4 Changing the encoding while parsing
      5. 13.2.3.5 Preprocessing the input stream

    4. 13.2.4 Parse state

      1. 13.2.4.1 The insertion mode
      2. 13.2.4.2 The stack of open elements
      3. 13.2.4.3 The list of active formatting elements
      4. 13.2.4.4 The element pointers
      5. 13.2.4.5 Other parsing state flags

    5. 13.2.5 Tokenization

      1. 13.2.5.1 Data state
      2. 13.2.5.2 RCDATA state
      3. 13.2.5.3 RAWTEXT state
      4. 13.2.5.4 Script data state
      5. 13.2.5.5 PLAINTEXT state
      6. 13.2.5.6 Tag open state
      7. 13.2.5.7 End tag open state
      8. 13.2.5.8 Tag name state
      9. 13.2.5.9 RCDATA less-than sign state
      10. 13.2.5.10 RCDATA end tag open state
      11. 13.2.5.11 RCDATA end tag name state
      12. 13.2.5.12 RAWTEXT less-than sign state
      13. 13.2.5.13 RAWTEXT end tag open state
      14. 13.2.5.14 RAWTEXT end tag name state
      15. 13.2.5.15 Script data less-than sign state
      16. 13.2.5.16 Script data end tag open state
      17. 13.2.5.17 Script data end tag name state
      18. 13.2.5.18 Script data escape start state
      19. 13.2.5.19 Script data escape start dash state
      20. 13.2.5.20 Script data escaped state
      21. 13.2.5.21 Script data escaped dash state
      22. 13.2.5.22 Script data escaped dash dash state
      23. 13.2.5.23 Script data escaped less-than sign state
      24. 13.2.5.24 Script data escaped end tag open state
      25. 13.2.5.25 Script data escaped end tag name state
      26. 13.2.5.26 Script data double escape start state
      27. 13.2.5.27 Script data double escaped state
      28. 13.2.5.28 Script data double escaped dash state
      29. 13.2.5.29 Script data double escaped dash dash state
      30. 13.2.5.30 Script data double escaped less-than sign state
      31. 13.2.5.31 Script data double escape end state
      32. 13.2.5.32 Before attribute name state
      33. 13.2.5.33 Attribute name state
      34. 13.2.5.34 After attribute name state
      35. 13.2.5.35 Before attribute value state
      36. 13.2.5.36 Attribute value (double-quoted) state
      37. 13.2.5.37 Attribute value (single-quoted) state
      38. 13.2.5.38 Attribute value (unquoted) state
      39. 13.2.5.39 After attribute value (quoted) state
      40. 13.2.5.40 Self-closing start tag state
      41. 13.2.5.41 Bogus comment state
      42. 13.2.5.42 Markup declaration open state
      43. 13.2.5.43 Comment start state
      44. 13.2.5.44 Comment start dash state
      45. 13.2.5.45 Comment state
      46. 13.2.5.46 Comment less-than sign state
      47. 13.2.5.47 Comment less-than sign bang state
      48. 13.2.5.48 Comment less-than sign bang dash state
      49. 13.2.5.49 Comment less-than sign bang dash dash state
      50. 13.2.5.50 Comment end dash state
      51. 13.2.5.51 Comment end state
      52. 13.2.5.52 Comment end bang state
      53. 13.2.5.53 DOCTYPE state
      54. 13.2.5.54 Before DOCTYPE name state
      55. 13.2.5.55 DOCTYPE name state
      56. 13.2.5.56 After DOCTYPE name state
      57. 13.2.5.57 After DOCTYPE public keyword state
      58. 13.2.5.58 Before DOCTYPE public identifier state
      59. 13.2.5.59 DOCTYPE public identifier (double-quoted) state
      60. 13.2.5.60 DOCTYPE public identifier (single-quoted) state
      61. 13.2.5.61 After DOCTYPE public identifier state
      62. 13.2.5.62 Between DOCTYPE public and system identifiers state
      63. 13.2.5.63 After DOCTYPE system keyword state
      64. 13.2.5.64 Before DOCTYPE system identifier state
      65. 13.2.5.65 DOCTYPE system identifier (double-quoted) state
      66. 13.2.5.66 DOCTYPE system identifier (single-quoted) state
      67. 13.2.5.67 After DOCTYPE system identifier state
      68. 13.2.5.68 Bogus DOCTYPE state
      69. 13.2.5.69 CDATA section state
      70. 13.2.5.70 CDATA section bracket state
      71. 13.2.5.71 CDATA section end state
      72. 13.2.5.72 Character reference state
      73. 13.2.5.73 Named character reference state
      74. 13.2.5.74 Ambiguous ampersand state
      75. 13.2.5.75 Numeric character reference state
      76. 13.2.5.76 Hexadecimal character reference start state
      77. 13.2.5.77 Decimal character reference start state
      78. 13.2.5.78 Hexadecimal character reference state
      79. 13.2.5.79 Decimal character reference state
      80. 13.2.5.80 Numeric character reference end state

    6. 13.2.6 Tree construction

      1. 13.2.6.1 Creating and inserting nodes
      2. 13.2.6.2 Parsing elements that contain only text
      3. 13.2.6.3 Closing elements that have implied end tags

      4. 13.2.6.4 The rules for parsing tokens in HTML content

        1. 13.2.6.4.1 The "initial" insertion mode
        2. 13.2.6.4.2 The "before html" insertion mode
        3. 13.2.6.4.3 The "before head" insertion mode
        4. 13.2.6.4.4 The "in head" insertion mode
        5. 13.2.6.4.5 The "in head noscript" insertion mode
        6. 13.2.6.4.6 The "after head" insertion mode
        7. 13.2.6.4.7 The "in body" insertion mode
        8. 13.2.6.4.8 The "text" insertion mode
        9. 13.2.6.4.9 The "in table" insertion mode
        10. 13.2.6.4.10 The "in table text" insertion mode
        11. 13.2.6.4.11 The "in caption" insertion mode
        12. 13.2.6.4.12 The "in column group" insertion mode
        13. 13.2.6.4.13 The "in table body" insertion mode
        14. 13.2.6.4.14 The "in row" insertion mode
        15. 13.2.6.4.15 The "in cell" insertion mode
        16. 13.2.6.4.16 The "in select" insertion mode
        17. 13.2.6.4.17 The "in select in table" insertion mode
        18. 13.2.6.4.18 The "in template" insertion mode
        19. 13.2.6.4.19 The "after body" insertion mode
        20. 13.2.6.4.20 The "in frameset" insertion mode
        21. 13.2.6.4.21 The "after frameset" insertion mode
        22. 13.2.6.4.22 The "after after body" insertion mode
        23. 13.2.6.4.23 The "after after frameset" insertion mode
      5. 13.2.6.5 The rules for parsing tokens in foreign content
    7. 13.2.7 The end
    8. 13.2.8 Speculative HTML parsing
    9. 13.2.9 Coercing an HTML DOM into an infoset
    10. 13.2.10 An introduction to error handling and strange cases in the parser
    11. 13.2.10.1 Misnested tags:

    12. [13.2.10.2 Misnested tags:

      ](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#misnested-tags:-b-p-/b-/p)
    13. 13.2.10.3 Unexpected markup in tables
    14. 13.2.10.4 Scripts that modify the page as it is being parsed
    15. 13.2.10.5 The execution of scripts that are moving across multiple documents
    16. 13.2.10.6 Unclosed formatting elements
  26. 13.3 Serializing HTML fragments
  27. 13.4 Parsing HTML fragments
  28. 13.5 Named character references
  29. 14 The XML syntax
  30. 14.1 Writing documents in the XML syntax
  31. 14.2 Parsing XML documents
  32. 14.3 Serializing XML fragments
  33. 14.4 Parsing XML fragments
  34. 15 Rendering
  35. 15.1 Introduction
  36. 15.2 The CSS user agent style sheet and presentational hints

  37. 15.3 Non-replaced elements

    1. 15.3.1 Hidden elements
    2. 15.3.2 The page
    3. 15.3.3 Flow content
    4. 15.3.4 Phrasing content
    5. 15.3.5 Bidirectional text
    6. 15.3.6 Sections and headings
    7. 15.3.7 Lists
    8. 15.3.8 Tables
    9. 15.3.9 Margin collapsing quirks
    10. 15.3.10 Form controls
    11. 15.3.11 The hr element
    12. 15.3.12 The fieldset and legend elements

  38. 15.4 Replaced elements

    1. 15.4.1 Embedded content
    2. 15.4.2 Images
    3. 15.4.3 Attributes for embedded content and images
    4. 15.4.4 Image maps

  39. 15.5 Widgets

    1. 15.5.1 Introduction
    2. 15.5.2 Button layout
    3. 15.5.3 The button element
    4. 15.5.4 The details and summary elements
    5. 15.5.5 The input element as a text entry widget
    6. 15.5.6 The input element as domain-specific widgets
    7. 15.5.7 The input element as a range control
    8. 15.5.8 The input element as a color well
    9. 15.5.9 The input element as a checkbox and radio button widgets
    10. 15.5.10 The input element as a file upload control
    11. 15.5.11 The input element as a button
    12. 15.5.12 The marquee element
    13. 15.5.13 The meter element
    14. 15.5.14 The progress element
    15. 15.5.15 The select element
    16. 15.5.16 The textarea element
  40. 15.6 Frames and framesets

  41. 15.7 Interactive media

    1. 15.7.1 Links, forms, and navigation
    2. 15.7.2 The title attribute
    3. 15.7.3 Editing hosts
    4. 15.7.4 Text rendered in native user interfaces
  42. 15.8 Print media
  43. 15.9 Unstyled XML documents
  44. 16 Obsolete features

  45. 16.1 Obsolete but conforming features

    1. 16.1.1 Warnings for obsolete but conforming features
  46. 16.2 Non-conforming features

  47. 16.3 Requirements for implementations

    1. 16.3.1 The marquee element
    2. 16.3.2 Frames
    3. 16.3.3 Other elements, attributes and APIs
  48. 17 IANA considerations
  49. 17.1 text/html
  50. 17.2 multipart/x-mixed-replace
  51. 17.3 application/xhtml+xml
  52. 17.4 text/ping
  53. 17.5 application/microdata+json
  54. 17.6 text/event-stream
  55. 17.7 `Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy`
  56. 17.8 `Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy-Report-Only`
  57. 17.9 `Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy`
  58. 17.10 `Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy-Report-Only`
  59. 17.11 `Origin-Agent-Cluster`
  60. 17.12 `Ping-From`
  61. 17.13 `Ping-To`
  62. 17.14 `Refresh`
  63. 17.15 `Last-Event-ID`
  64. 17.16 `X-Frame-Options`
  65. 17.17 web+ scheme prefix
  66. Index
  67. Elements
  68. Element content categories
  69. Attributes
  70. Element Interfaces
  71. All Interfaces
  72. Events
  73. MIME Types
  74. References
  75. Acknowledgments
  76. Intellectual property rights